Publications

  1. I. Cvrtila, S. Otto
    Emergent Behavior of a Photoswitchable Solute in aBiphasic Solvent System
    Chem. Eur. J. 2024, doi: 10.1002/chem.202403157
  2. K. Liu, A.W.P. Blokhuis, S.J. Dijt, J. Wu, S. Hamed, A. Kiani, B.M. Matysiak, S. Otto
    Molecular-scale dissipative chemistry drives the formation of nanoscale assemblies and their macroscale transport
    Nat. Chem. 2024, doi: 10.1038/s41557-024-01665-z
  3. C. Brasnett, A. Kiani, S. Sami, S. Otto, S.J. Marrink
    Capturing chemical reactions inside biomolecular condensates with reactive Martini simulations
    Commun. Chem. 2024, 7, 151. doi: 10.1038/s42004-024-01234-y
  4. O. Markovitch, J. Wu, S. Otto
    Binding of Precursors to Replicator Assemblies Can Improve Replication Fidelity and Mediate Error Correction
    Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2024, 63, e202317997 doi: 10.1002/anie.202317997
  5. D. Komáromy, D. M. Monzón, I. Marić, G. Monreal Santiago, J. Ottelé, M. Altay, G. Schaeffer, S. Otto
    Generalist versus Specialist Self-Replicators
    Chem. Eur. J. 2024, 30, e202303837 doi: 10.1002/chem.202303837
  6. Kai Liu, Alex Blokhuis, Chris van Ewijk, Armin Kiani, Juntian Wu, Wouter H. Roos, Sijbren Otto
    Light-driven eco-evolutionary dynamics in a synthetic replicator system
    Nat. Chem. 2023, ASAP. doi: 10.1038/s41557-023-01301-2
  7. S. Yang, Y. Geiger, M. Geerts, M. J. Eleveld, A. Kiani, S. Otto
    Enantioselective Self-Replicators
    J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2023, 145, 30, 16889. doi: 10.1021/jacs.3c05472
  8. I. Marić, L. Yang, X. Li, G. Monreal Santiago, C. G. Pappas, X. Qiu, J. A. Dijksman, K. Mikhailov, P. van Rijn, S. Otto
    Tailorable and Biocompatible Supramolecular-Based Hydrogels Featuring two Dynamic Covalent Chemistries
    Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2023, e202216475. doi: 10.1002/anie.202216475
  9. Y. Jin, P. K. Mandal, J. Wu, N. Böcher, I. Huc, Sijbren Otto
    (Re-)Directing Oligomerization of a Single Building Block into Two Specific Dynamic Covalent Foldamers through pH
    J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2023, 145, 5, 2822–2829. doi: 10.1021/jacs.2c09325
  10. B. Bartolec, A. Kiani, M. A. Beatty, M. Altay, G. Monreal Santiago, S. Otto
    Selection of diverse polymorphic structures from a small dynamic molecular network controlled by the environment
    Chem. Sci. 2022, 13, 14300-14304. doi: 10.1039/D2SC03909E
  11. E. Camprubi, O. Markovitch, K. B. Muchowska, S. Otto,  I. Loes ten Kate.
    Chapter 2 – Prebiotic chemistry: From dust to molecules and beyond.
    in Rebecca Thombre, Parag Vaishampayan (eds.), New Frontiers in Astrobiology, Elsevier 2022. Link
  12. B. M. Matysiak, G. Monreal Santiago, Sijbren Otto.
    Teaching an Old Compound New Tricks: Reversible Transamidation in Maleamic Acids
    Chem. Eur. J. 2022, e202201043. doi: 10.1002/chem.202201043
  13. G. Schaeffer, M. Eleveld, J. Ottelé, P. Kroon, P. Frederix, S. Yang, S. Otto.
    Stochastic Emergence of two Distinct Self-Replicators from a Dynamic Combinatorial Library
    J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2022, 144, 6291–6297. doi: 10.1021/jacs.1c12591
  14. B. Liu, J. Wu, M. Geerts, O. Markovitch, C. G. Pappas, K. Liu, S. Otto
    Out-of-Equilibrium Self-Replication Allows Selection for Dynamic Kinetic Stability in a System of Competing Replicators
    Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2022, 61, e202117605. doi: 10.1002/anie.202117605
    ACIE “Very Important Paper”.
  15. J. Hatai, Y. Altay, A. Sood, A. Kiani, M. Eleveld, L. Motiei, D. Margulies, S. Otto
    An Optical Probe for Real-Time Monitoring of Self-Replicator Emergence and Distinguishing between Replicators
    J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2022, 144, 3074–3082. doi: 10.1021/jacs.1c11594
    Highlighted in JACS Spotlight by Kimberly Bolduc.
  16. K. Liu, J. Ottelé, S. Otto
    Emergent Catalysis by Self-Replicating Molecules
    in P. W. N. M. van Leeuwen, M. Raynal (eds.) Supramolecular Catalysis: New Directions and Developments, Wiley 2022, 605-614. doi: 10.1002/9783527832033.ch41
  17. S. Otto
    An Approach to the De Novo Synthesis of Life
    Acc. Chem. Res. 2022, 55, 145-155. doi: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00534
    ACS Editor’s choice (across all ACS journals).
    In the Top 3 downloads of Acc. Chem. Res. in the month of publishing.
  18. D. Komáromy, T. Tiemersma-Wegman, J. Kemmink, G. Portale, P. R. Adamski, A. Blokhuis, F. S. Aalbers, I. Marić, G. Monreal Santiago, J. Ottelé, A. Sood, V. Saggiomo, B. Liu, P. van der Meulen, S. Otto
    Stoichiometry alone can steer supramolecular systems on complex free energy surfaces with high selectivity
    Chem. 2021, 7, 1933-1951. doi: 10.1016/j.chempr.2021.05.020
  19. B. Liu, M. A. Beatty, C. G. Pappas, K. Liu, J. Ottelé, S. Otto
    Self-Sorting in Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries Leads to the Co-Existence of Foldamers and Self-Replicators
    Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2021, 60, 13569-13573. doi: 10.1002/anie.202101052
  20. C. G. Pappas, B. Liu, I. Marić, J. Ottelé, A. Kiani, M. L. van der Klok, P. R. Onck, S. Otto
    Two Sides of the Same Coin: Emergence of Foldamers and Self-Replicators from Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries
    J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2021, 143, 7388-7393. doi: 10.1021/jacs.1c00788
  21. K. Liu, S. Otto
    Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry Out of Equilibrium
    in Nicolas Giuseppone, Andreas Walther (Eds.): Out-of-Equilibrium (Supra)molecular Systems and Materials, Wiley 2021, 215-238. ISBN: 978-3-527-82198-3.
  22. S. Yang, G. Schaeffer, E. Mattia, O. Markovitch, K. Liu, A. S. Hussain, J. Ottelé, A. Sood, S. Otto
    Chemical Fueling Enables Molecular Complexification of Self-Replicators
    Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2020, 60, 11344-113459. doi: 10.1002/anie.202016196
    ACIE “Very Important Paper”.
    Death enables complexity in chemical evolution, at EurekAlert!
    For the first time, large self-replicating molecules win evolution, at SciWorthy.
  23. O. Markovitch, J. Ottelé, O. Veldman, S. Otto
    Automated device for continuous stirring while sampling in liquid chromatography systems
    Commun. Chem. 2020, 3, 180. doi: 10.1038/s42004-020-00427-5
    Behind the papers in Nature Chemistry Community
    Spotlight in University of Groningen Library open access blog
    Open Hardware podcast. In: Open Science Stories.
  24. C. G. Pappas, P. K. Mandal, B. Liu, B. Kauffmann, X. Miao, D. Komáromy, W. Hoffmann, C. Manz, R. Chang, K. Liu, K. Page. I. Huc, S. Otto
    Emergence of low-symmetry foldamers from single monomers
    Nat. Chem. 2020, 12, 1180–1186. doi: 10.1038/s41557-020-00565-2
  25. I. Cvrtila, H. Fanlo-Virgós, G. Monreal Santiago, S. Otto
    Accelerating Hydrazone Exchange by UV Irradiation
    J. Sys. Chem. 2020, 8, 73-81. PDF.
  26. X. Miao, N. N. H. M. Eisink, P. Nowak, M. Altay, G. Leonetti, I. Marić, M. D. Witte, A. J. Minnaard, S. Otto
    Development of Stable Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Dynamic Covalent Surface Functionalization
    J. Sys. Chem. 2020, 8, 82-94. PDF.
  27. S. Maity, J. Ottelé, G. Monreal Santiago, P. W. J. M. Frederix, P. Kroon, O. Markovitch, M. C. A. Stuart, S. J. Marrink, S. Otto, W. H. Roos
    Caught in the Act: Mechanistic Insight into Supramolecular Polymerization-Driven Self-Replication from Real-Time Visualization
    J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 141, 4, 1685-1689. doi: 10.1021/jacs.0c02635
    Highlighted in JACS spotlight
  28. O. Markovitch, B. H. Kramer, F. J. Weissing, G. S. van Doorn, S. Otto
    Competition Dynamics in a Chemical System of Self-replicating Macrocycles
    Artificial Life Conference Proceedings 2020 NO. 32, 462-464. doi: 10.1162/isal_a_00289
  29. P. Adamski, M. Eleveld, A. Sood, Á. Kun, A. Szilágyi, T. Czárán, E. Szathmáry, S. Otto
    From self-replication to replicator systems en route to de novo life
    Nat. Rev. Chem. 2020, 4, 386–403. doi: 10.1038/s41570-020-0196-x
  30. G. Monreal Santiago, K. Liu, W. R. Browne, S. Otto
    Emergence of light-driven protometabolism on recruitment of a photocatalytic cofactor by a self-replicator
    Nat. Chem. 2020, 12, 603-607. doi: 10.1038/s41557-020-0494-4
    Jointly covered with “Chance emergence…” publication (see below)
  31. J. Ottelé, A. S. Hussain, C. Mayer, S. Otto
    Chance emergence of catalytic activity and promiscuity in a self-replicator
    Nat. Catal. 2020, 3, 547-553. doi: 10.1038/s41929-020-0463-8
    Reported in Dutch, Spanish, and Russian media outlets
    Highlighted in Phys.org
    News and views article in Nature Chemistry by Pablo Solís-Muñana & Jack L. Y. Chen
    Behind the papers in Nature Chemistry Community
    Highlighted in Chemical & Engineering news by Celia Henry Arnaud
  32. B. Liu, C. G. Pappas, J. Ottelé, G. Schaeffer, C. Jurissek, P. F. Pieters, M. Altay, I. Marić, M. C. A. Stuart, S. Otto
    Spontaneous Emergence of Self-Replicating Molecules Containing Nucleobases and Amino Acids
    J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 9, 4181-4192. doi: 10.1021/jacs.9b10796
  33. M. Malakoutikhah, G. Schaeffer, G. Monreal Santiago, S. Yang, I. Marić, S. Otto
    Cross-Catalysis between Self-Replicators of Different Handedness
    J. Sys. Chem. 2019, 7, 9-18. Abstract.
  34. B. Bartolec, G. Leonetti, J. Li, W. Smit, M. Altay, G. Monreal Santiago, Y. Yan, S. Otto
    Emergence of Compartments formed from Unconventional Surfactants in Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries
    Langmuir 2019, 35, 17, 5787-5792. doi: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03662.
  35. B. Liu, C. G. Pappas, E. Zangrando, N. Demitri, P. J. Chmielewski, S. Otto 
    Complex Molecules that Fold like Proteins Can Emerge Spontaneously 
    J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141, 4, 1685-1689. doi: 10.1021/jacs.8b11698.
    ACS editor’s choice:Spontaneous Emergence of Complex Molecules that Can Fold Like Proteins
    JACS spotlight: Letting Structure Emerge for Synthetic Foldamers
    Highlighted in Chemical & Engineering news by Celia Arnaud
    Highlighted in Phys.org by Bob Yirka
    Highlighted in Chemistry World by Katrina Krämer
  36. B. Bartolec, M. Altay, S. Otto
    Template-promoted self-replication in dynamic combinatorial libraries made from a simple building block
    Chem. Comm. 2018, 54, 13096-13098. doi: 10.1039/C8CC06253F.
  37. Y. Altay, M. Altay, S. Otto
    Existing Self‐Replicators Can Direct the Emergence of New Ones
    Chem. Eur. J. 2018, 24, 11911 – 11915. doi: 10.1002/chem.201803027.
  38. M. Altay, Y. Altay, S. Otto
    Parasitic Behavior of Self‐Replicating Molecules
    Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018, 139, 10564–10568. doi: 10.1002/anie.201804706.
    Highlighted in chemistryworld.com by James Urquhart (June 26, 2018)
  39. D. Komáromy, P. Nowak, S. Otto
    Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries
    Wei Zhang, Yinghua Jin (Ed.): Dynamic Covalent Chemistry: Principles, Reactions and Applications, Wiley 2017, pp 31-119, ISBN: 978-1-119-07563-9.
  40. Y. Altay, M. Tezcan, S. Otto
    Emergence of a New Self-Replicator from a Dynamic Combinatorial Library Requires a Specific Pre-Existing Replicator
    J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 13612–13615. doi: 10.1021/jacs.7b07346.
  41. I. Cvrtila, H. Fanlo-Virgós, G. Schaeffer, G. M. Santiago, S. Otto
    Redox Control over Acyl Hydrazone Photoswitches
    J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 12459-12465. doi: 10.1021/jacs.7b03724.
  42. D. Komáromy, M. Tezcan, G. Schaeffer, I. Marić, S. Otto
    Effector-Triggered Self-Replication in Coupled Subsystems
    Angew. Chem. 2017, 56, 14658-14662. doi: 10.1002/anie.201707191/full.
  43. J. H. van Esch, R. Klaijn, S. Otto
    Chemical systems out of equilibrium
    Chem. Soc. Rev. 2017, 46, 5474-5475. doi: 10.1039/c7cs90088k.
  44. P. W. J. M. Frederix, J. Idé, Y. Altay, G. Schaeffer, M. Surin, D. Beljonne, A. S. Bondarenko, T. L. C. Jansen, S. Otto, S. J. Marrink
    Structural and Spectroscopic Properties of Assemblies of Self-Replicating Peptide Macrocycles
    ACS Nano. 2017, 11, 7858-7868. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.7b02211.
  45. H. Duim, S. Otto
    Towards open-ended evolution in self-replicating molecular systems
    Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1189-1203. doi: 10.3762/bjoc.13.118.
  46. B. M. Matysiak, P. Nowak, I. Cvrtila, C. G. Pappas, B. Liu, D. Komáromy, S. Otto
    Antiparallel Dynamic Covalent Chemistries
    J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 6744-6751. doi: 10.1021/jacs.7b02575.
  47. G. Ashkenasy, T. M. Hermans, S. Otto, A. F. Taylor
    Systems chemistry
    Chem. Soc. Rev. 2017, 46, 2543-2554. doi: 10.1039/C7CS00117G.
  48. D. Komáromy, M. C. A. Stuart, G. M. Santiago, M. Tezcan, V. V. Krasnikov, S. Otto
    Self-Assembly Can Direct Dynamic Covalent Bond Formation toward Diversity or Specificity
    J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 6234-6241. doi: 10.1021/jacs.7b01814.
  49. E. Mattia, A. Pal, G. Leonetti, S. Otto.
    Mechanism of Building Block Exchange in Stacks of Self-Replicating Macrocycles
    Synlett 2017, 28, 103-107. doi: 10.1055/s-0036-1589709.
  50. M. Mondal, N. Radeva, H. Fanlo-Virgós, S. Otto, G. Klebe, A.K.H. Hirsch
    Fragment Linking and Optimization of Inhibitors of the Aspartic Protease Endothiapepsin: Fragment-Based Drug Design Facilitated by Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry
    Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 9422-9426. doi: 10.1002/ange.201603074.
  51. J. W. Sadownik, E. Mattia, P. Nowak, S. Otto.
    Diversification of self-replicating molecules.
    Nature Chem. 2016, 8, 264-269. doi: 10.1038/nchem.2419.
  52. V. D. Nguyen, A. Pal, F. Snijkers, M. Colomb-Delsuc, G. Leonetti, S. Otto, J. van der Gucht.
    Multi-step control over self-assembled hydrogels of peptide-derived building blocks and a polymeric cross-linker.
    Soft Matter 2016, 12, 432-440. doi: 10.1039/C5SM02088C.
  53. Y. Han, P. Nowak, M. Colomb-Delsuc, M. Pernia Leal, S. Otto.
    Instructable Nanoparticles Using Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry.
    Langmuir 2015, 31, 12658–12663. doi: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b03673.
  54. P. Nowak, M. Colomb-Delsuc, S. Otto, J. Li.
    Template-Triggered Emergence of a Self-Replicator from a Dynamic Combinatorial Library.
    J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 10965–10969. doi: 10.1021/jacs.5b04380.
  55. M. Colomb-Delsuc, E. Mattia, J. W. Sadownik, S. Otto.
    Exponential self-replication enabled through a fibre elongation/breakage mechanism.
    Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 7427. doi: 10.1038/ncomms8427.
  56. A. Pal, M. Malakoutikhah, G. Leonetti, M. Tezcan, M. Colomb-Delsuc, V. D. Nguyen, J. van der Gucht, S. Otto.
    Controlling the Structure and Length of Self-Synthesizing Supramolecular Polymers through Nucleated Growth and Disassembly.
    Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 7852–7856. doi: 10.1002/anie.201501965.
  57. P. Nowak, V. Saggiomo, F. Salehian, M. Colomb-Delsuc, Y. Han, S. Otto
    Localized Template-Driven Functionalization of Nanoparticles by Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry
    Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 4192–4197. doi: 10.1002/anie.201409667.
  58. E. Mattia, S. Otto
    Supramolecular systems chemistry
    Nat. Nanotechnol. 2015, 10, 111–119. doi: 10.1038/nnano.2014.337.
  59. G. Leonetti, S. Otto
    Solvent Composition Dictates Emergence in Dynamic Molecular Networks Containing Competing Replicators
    J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 2067–2072. doi: 10.1021/ja512644f.
  60. J. Li, P. Nowak, S. OttoAn Allosteric Receptor by Simultaneous “Casting” and “Molding” in a Dynamic Combinatorial Library
    Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 833-837. doi: 10.1002/anie.201408907.
  61. J. Li, I. Cvrtila, M. Colomb-Delsuc, E. Otten, S. OttoAn “Ingredients” Approach to Functional Self-Synthesizing Materials: A Metal-Ion-Selective, Multi-Responsive, Self-Assembled Hydrogel
    Chem. Eur. J. 2014, 20, 15709 – 15714. doi: 10.1002/chem.201404977.
  62. B.Grzybowski, S. Otto and D. Philp
    Systems chemistry: a web themed issue
    Chem. Commun., 2014, 50, 14924-14925. doi: 10.1039/C4CC90422B.
  63. H. Fanlo-Virgós, A.N.R. Alba, S. Hamieh, M. Colomb-Delsuc,S. Otto
    Transient Substrate-Induced Catalyst Formation in a Dynamic Molecular Network
    Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.  2014, 53, 11346–11350. doi: 10.1002/anie.201403480.
  64. J. Li, P. Nowak, H. Fanlo-Virgos, S. Otto
    Catenanes from Catenanes: Quantitative Assessment of Cooperativity in Dynamic Combinatorial Catenation
    Chem. Sci.  2014, 5, 4968-4974. doi: 10.1039/C4SC01998A.
  65. M. Malakoutikhah, J.J-P. Peyralans, M. Colomb-Delsuc, h. Fanlo-Virgos, M. C. A. Stuart, S. Otto
    Uncovering the Selection Criteria for the Emergence of Multi-Building-Block Replicators from Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries.
    J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 49, 18406-18417. doi: 10.1021/ja4067805.
  66. S. Hamieh, V. Saggiomo, P. Nowak, E. Mattia, R. F. Ludlow, S. Otto
    A “Dial-A-Receptor” Dynamic Combinatorial Library
    Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2013, 52, 47, 12368-12372. doi: 10.1002/anie.201305744.
  67. J. Li, P. Nowak, S. Otto
    Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries: From Exploring Molecular Recognition to Systems Chemistry.
    J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 25, 9222-9239. doi: 10.1021/ja402586c.
  68. S. Otto
    The role of solvent cohesion in nonpolar solvation.
    Chem. Sci. 2013, 4, 2953-2959. doi: 10.1039/C3SC50740H.
  69. W. H. Rombouts, M. Colomb-Delsuc, M. W. T. Werten, S. Otto, F. A. de Wolf, J. van der Gucht
    Enhanced rigidity and rupture strength of composite hydrogel networks of bio-inspired block copolymers.
    Soft Matter 2013, 9, 6936-6942. doi: 10.1039/C3SM00091E.
  70. V. Saggiomo, Y. R. Hristova, R. F. Ludlow, S. Otto
    Systems chemistry: using thermodynamically controlled networks to assess molecular similarity.
    J. Syst. Chem. 2013, 4:2. doi: 10.1186/1759-2208-4-2.
  71. S. Hamieh, R. F. Ludlow, O. Perraud, K. R. West, E. Mattia, S. Otto
    A Synthetic Receptor for Nicotine from a Dynamic Combinatorial Library.
    Org. Lett. 2012, 14, 21, 5404-5407. doi: 10.1021/ol302260n.
  72. J. Wang, M. A. Cohen Stuart, A. T. M. Marcelis, M. Colomb-Delsuc, S. Otto, J. van der Gucht
    Stable Polymer Micelles Formed by Metal Coordination.
    Macromolecules 2012, 45, 17, 7179-7185. doi: 10.1021/ma301323z.
  73. S. Otto, J. B. F. N. Engberts
    Structure and properties of water.
    In “Water in Organic Synthesis”. Science of Synthesis, Thieme, Stuttgart 2012, p17-51.
  74. V. Saggiomo, S. Otto, I. Marques, V. Félix, T. Torroba, R. Quesada
    The role of lipophilicity in transmembrane anion transport.
    Chem. Comm. 2012, 48, 5274-5276. doi: 10.1039/C2CC31825C.
  75. S. Otto
    Dynamic Molecular Networks: From Synthetic Receptors to Self-Replicators.
    Acc. Chem. Res. 2012. doi: 10.1021/ar200246j .
  76. Z. Rodriguez-Docampo, E. Eugenieva-Ilieva, C. Reyheller, A. M. Belenguer, S. Kubik, S. Otto
    Dynamic combinatorial development of a neutral synthetic receptor that binds sulfate with nanomolar affinity in aqueous solution.
    Chem. Comm. 2011, 47, 9798-9800. doi: 10.1039/C1CC13451E.
  77. J. Li, J. M. A. Carnall, M. C. A. Stuart, S. Otto
    Hydrogel formation upon photoinduced covalent capture of macrocycle stacks from dynamic combinatorial libraries.
    Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 8384–8386. doi: 10.1002/anie.201103297.
  78. R. A. R. Hunt, S. Otto
    Dynamic combinatorial libraries: new opportunities in systems chemistry.
    Chem. Comm. 2011, 47, 847-858. doi: 10.1039/C0CC03759A.
  79. H. Y. Au-Yeung, F. B. L. Cougnon, G. Dan Pantoş, S. Otto, J. K. M. Sanders
    Exploiting donor–acceptor interactions in aqueous dynamic combinatorial libraries: exploratory studies of simple systems.
    Chem. Sci. 2010, 1, 567-574. doi: 10.1039/C0SC00307G.
  80. F. M. Mansfeld, H. Y. Au-Yeung, J. K. M. Sanders, S. Otto
    Dynamic combinatorial chemistry at the phospholipid bilayer interface.
    J. Syst. Chem. 2010, 1. doi: 10.1186/1759-2208-1-12.
  81. G. von Kiedrowski, S. Otto, P. Herdewijn
    Welcome home, systems chemists!
    J. Syst. Chem. 2010, 1. doi: 10.1186/1759-2208-1-1.
  82. R. F. Ludlow, S. Otto
    The impact of the size of dynamic combinatorial libraries on the detectability of molecular recognition induced amplification.
    J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 5984–5986. doi: 10.1021/ja1013689.
  83. P. Besenius, P. A. G. Cormack, R. F Ludlow, S. Otto, D. C. Sherrington
    Affinity chromatography in dynamic combinatorial libraries: one-pot amplification and isolation of a strongly binding receptor.
    Org. Biomol. Chem. 2010, 8, 2414-2418. doi: 10.1039/C000333F.
  84. J. M. A. Carnall, C. A. Waudby, A. M. Belenguer, M. C. A. Stuart, J. J.-P. Peyralans, S. Otto
    Mechanosensitive self-replication driven by self-organization.
    Science 2010, 327, 1502-1506. doi: 10.1126/science.1182767.
  85. J. H. R. Reek, S. Otto (Editors)
    Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry
    Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2010. More information.
  86. S. Otto
    Molecular machines: Tiny steps (invited highlight).
    Nature Chem. 2010, 2, 75-76. doi: 10.1038/nchem.525.
  87. R. A. R. Hunt, R. F. Ludlow, S. Otto
    Estimating equilibrium constants for aggregation from the product distribution of a dynamic combinatorial library.
    Org. Lett. 2009, 11, 5110-5113. doi: 10.1021/ol901656x.
  88. F. M. Mansfeld, G. Feng, S. Otto
    Photo-induced molecular-recognition-mediated adhesion of giant vesicles.
    Org. Biomol. Chem. 2009, 7, 4289–4295. doi: 10.1039/B910197G.
  89. J. J.-P. Peyralans, S. Otto
    Recent highlights in systems chemistry.
    Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 2009, 13, 705–713. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.08.006.
  90. S. Otto
    Molecular self-assembly: Helping themselves.
    Nature Nanotechn. 2009, 4, 13. doi: 10.1038/nnano.2008.387.
  91. A. Likhitsup, R. J. Deeth, S. Otto, A. Marsh
    Apparent non-statistical binding in a ditopic receptor for guanosine.
    Org. Biomol. Chem. 2009, 7, 2093–2103. doi: 10.1039/B812969J.
  92. H. Y. Au–Yeung, P. Pengo, G. D. Pantos, S. Otto, J. K. M. Sanders
    Templated amplification of a naphthalenediimide-based receptor from a donor-acceptor dynamic combinatorial library in water.
    Chem. Commun. 2009, 419-421. doi: 10.1039/B816979A.
  93. R. F. Ludlow, S. Otto
    Two vial, LC-MS identification of ephedrine receptors from a dynamic combinatorial library of over 10,000 components.
    J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 12218-12219. doi: 10.1021/ja803317k.
  94. K. R. West, R. F. Ludlow, P. T. Corbett, P. Besenius, F. M. Mansfeld, P. A. G. Cormack, D. C. Sherrington, J. M. Goodman, M. C. A. Stuart, S. Otto
    Dynamic combinatorial discovery of a [2]-catenane and its template-induced conversion into a molecular square synthetic receptor.
    J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 10834-10835. doi: 10.1021/ja801508q.
  95. Z. Rodriguez-Docampo, S. Otto
    Orthogonal or simultaneous use of disulfide chemistry and hydrazone exchange in dynamic covalent chemistry.
    Chem. Commun. 2008, 5301-5303. doi: 10.1039/B808725C.
  96. P. Besenius, P. A. G. Cormack, J. Liu, S. Otto, J. K. M. Sanders, D. C. Sherrington
    Tailored polymer-supported templates in dynamic combinatorial libraries: simultaneous selection, amplification and isolation of synthetic receptors.
    Chem. -Eur. J. 2008, 14, 9006–9019. doi: 10.1002/chem.200800326.
  97. P. Besenius, P. A. G. Cormack, R. F Ludlow, S. Otto, D. C. Sherrington
    Polymer-supported cationic templates for molecular recognition of anionic hosts in water.
    Chem. Commun. 2008, 2809–2811. doi: 10.1039/B802982B.
  98. P. T. Corbett, J. K. M. Sanders, S. Otto
    Exploring the relation between amplfication and binding in dynamic combinatorial libraries of macrocyclic synthetic receptors in water.
    Chem. Eur. J. 2008, 2153-2166. doi: 10.1002/chem.200701413.
  99. R. F. Ludlow, S. Otto
    Systems chemistry.
    Chem. Soc. Rev. 2008, 37, 101-108. doi: 10.1039/B611921M.
    Highlighted in Chemical Science 2008, 5(1), C5.
  100. R. F. Ludlow, J. Liu, H. Li, S. L. Roberts, J. K. M. Sanders, S. Otto
    Host-guest binding constants can be estimated directly from the product distributions of dynamic combinatorial libraries.
    Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 5762-5764. doi: 10.1002/anie.200700292.
  101. S. Otto, K. Severin
    Dynamic combinatorial libraries for the development of synthetic receptors and sensors.
    Topics Curr. Chem. 2007, 277, 267-288. doi: 10.1007/128_2007_116.
  102. R. J. Sarma, S. Otto, J. R. Nitschke
    Disulfides, imines and metal coordination within a single system: interplay between three dynamic equilibria.
    Chem. -Eur. J. 2007, 13, 9542-9546. doi: 10.1002/chem.200701228.
  103. P. T. Corbett, J. K. M. Sanders, S. Otto
    Systems chemistry: pattern formation in random dynamic combinatorial libraries.
    Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 8858-8861. doi: 10.1002/ange.200702460.
  104. Z. Rodriguez-Docampo, S. I. Pascu, S. Kubik, S. Otto
    Noncovalent interactions within a synthetic receptor can reinforce guest binding.
    J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 11206-11210. doi: 10.1021/ja062389h.
  105. P. T. Corbett, J. Leclaire, L. Vial, K. R. West, J.-L. Wietor, J. K. M. Sanders, S. Otto
    Dynamic combinatorial chemistry.
    Chem. Rev. 2006, 106, 3652-3711. doi: 10.1021/cr020452p.
  106. L. Vial, R. F. Ludlow, J. Leclaire, S. Otto
    Controlling the biological effects of spermine using a synthetic receptor.
    J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 10253-10257. doi: 10.1021/ja062536b.
  107. P. Pengo, G. D. Pantos, S. Otto, J. K. M. Sanders
    Efficient and mild microwave-assisted stepwise functionalization of naphthalenediimide with alpha amino acids.
    J. Org. Chem. 2006, 71, 7063-7066. doi: 10.1021/jo061195h.
  108. A. Kraft, A. Tominey, D. Andrew, J. Dupré, A. McIver, L. Oliphant, G. M. Rosair, S. Otto
    Supramolecular binding of protonated amines to functionalized microgel particles.
    Polym. Preprints 2006, 47, 937-938.
  109. C. Suksai, S. Figueiras Gómez, A. Chhabra, J. Liu, J. N. Skepper, T. Tuntulani, S. Otto
    Controlling the morphology of aggregates of an amphiphilic synthetic receptor through host-guest interactions.
    Langmuir 2006, 22, 5994-5997. doi: 10.1021/la0609470.
  110. S. Otto
    Reinforced molecular recognition as an alternative to rigid receptors.
    Dalton Trans. 2006, 2861-2864. doi: 10.1039/B515817F.
  111. P. T. Corbett, J. K. M. Sanders, S. Otto
    Competition between receptors in dynamic combinatorial libraries: amplification of the fittest?
    J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 9390-9392. doi: 10.1021/ja0509026.
  112. S. Otto
    Exploring and exploiting molecular recognition using covalent chemistry under thermodynamic control.
    J. Mat. Chem. 2005, 15, 3357-3361. doi: 10.1039/b500703h.
  113. L. Vial, J. K. M. Sanders, S. Otto
    A catalyst for an acetal hydrolysis reaction from a dynamic combinatorial library.
    New J. Chem. 2005, 29, 1001-1003. doi: 10.1039/B505316A.
  114. K. West, S. Otto
    Reversible covalent chemistry in drug delivery.
    Curr. Drug Disc. Techn. 2005, 2, 123-160. doi: 10.2174/1570163054866882.
  115. P. T. Corbett, L. H. Tong, J. K. M. Sanders, S. Otto
    Diastereoselective amplification of an induced-fit receptor from a dynamic combinatorial library.
    J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 8902-8903. doi: 10.1021/ja050790i.
  116. K. West, K. Bake, S. Otto
    Dynamic combinatorial libraries of disulfide cages in water.
    Org. Lett. 2005, 2615-2618. doi: 10.1021/ol0507524.
  117. Leclaire, L. Vial, S. Otto, J. K. M. Sanders
    Expanding diversity in dynamic combinatorial libraries: simultaneous exchange of disulfide and thioester linkages.
    Chem. Commun. 2005, 1959-1961. doi: 10.1039/B500638D.
  118. T. S. R. Lam, A. Belenguer, S. L. Roberts, C. Naumann, T. Jarrosson, S. Otto, J. K. M. Sanders
    Amplification of acetylcholine-binding catenanes from dynamic combinatorial libraries.
    Science 2005, 308, 667-669. doi: 10.1126/stke.2822005tw168.
  119. S. Kubik, R. Goddard, S. Otto, S. Pohl, C. Reyheller, S. Stüwe
    Optimization of the binding properties of a synthetic anion receptor using rational and combinatorial strategies.
    Biosensors Bioelectronics 2005, 20, 2364-2375. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2004.01.035.
  120. S. I. Pascu, T. Jarrosson, C. Naumann, S. Otto, G. Kaiser, J. K. M. Sanders
    Cation-reinforced donor-acceptor pseudorotaxanes.
    New J. Chem. 2005, 29, 80-89. doi: 10.1039/B415418E.
  121. P. T. Corbett, S. Otto, J. K. M. Sanders
    What are the limits to the size of effective dynamic combinatorial libraries?
    Org. Lett. 2004, 6, 1825-1827. doi: 10.1021/ol049398k.
  122. P. T. Corbett, S. Otto, J. K. M. Sanders
    Correlation between host-guest binding and host amplification in simulated dynamic combinatorial libraries.
    Chem. Eur. J. 2004, 10, 3139-3143. doi: 10.1002/chem.200400300.
  123. S. Otto, J. K. M. Sanders
    Supramolecular Libraries.
    Encyclopedia of Supramolecular Chemistry, J. Atwood, J. Steed (Eds.) Marcel Dekker, New York, 2004, 1427-1433.
  124. G. Kaiser, T. Jarrosson, S. Otto, Y.-F. Ng, A. D. Bond, J. K. M. Sanders
    Lithium-templated synthesis of a donor-acceptor pseudorotaxane and catenane.
    Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 1959-1962. doi: 10.1002/ange.200353075.
  125. S. Otto, J. B. F. N. Engberts
    Hydrophobic interactions and chemical reactivity.
    Org. Biomol. Chem. 2003, 1, 2809-2820.  doi: 10.1039/B305672D.
  126. S. Otto, S. Kubik
    Dynamic combinatorial optimization of a neutral receptor that binds inorganic anions in aqueous solution.
    J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 7804-7805. doi: 10.1021/ja0351589.
  127. S. L. Roberts, R. L. E. Furlan, S. Otto, J. K. M. Sanders
    Metal-ion induced amplification of three receptors from dynamic combinatorial libraries of peptide-hydrazones.
    Org. Biomol. Chem. 2003, 1, 1625-1633. doi: 10.1039/B300956D.
  128. E. Stulz, S. M. Scott, A. D. Bond, S. Otto, J. K. M. Sanders
    Complexation of diphenyl(phenylacetenyl)phosphine to rhodium(III) tetraphenyl porphyrins: synthesis, structural, spectroscopic and thermodynamic studies.
    Inorg. Chem. 2003, 42, 3086-3096. doi: 10.1021/ic026257a.
  129. S. Otto
    Dynamic combinatorial chemistry: a new method for the selection and preparation of synthetic receptors.
    Curr. Opin. Drug Discovery Development 2003, 6, 509-520.
  130. B. Brisig, J. K. M. Sanders, S. Otto
    Selection and amplification of a catalyst from a dynamic combinatorial library.
    Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 1270-1273. doi: 10.1002/anie.200390326.
    Highlighted in C&E News, May 12, 2003, 36.
  131. S. Otto, R. L. E. Furlan, J. K. M. Sanders
    Selection and amplification of hosts from dynamic combinatorial libraries of macrocyclic disulfides.
    Science 2002, 297, 590-593. doi: 10.1126/science.1072361.
    Highlighted in C&E News, Sept 2, 2002, 31-33 and included among the Chemistry Highlights of 2002 in C&E News, Dec 16, 2002, 38.
  132. S. Otto, R. L. E. Furlan, J. K. M. Sanders
    Recent developments in dynamic combinatorial chemistry.
    Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 2002, 6, 321-327. doi: 10.1016/S1367-5931(02)00331-9.
  133. R. L. E. Furlan, S. Otto, J. K. M. Sanders
    Supramolecular templating in thermodynamically controlled synthesis.
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A. 2002, 99, 4801-4804. doi: 10.1073/pnas.022643699.
  134. S. Otto, R. L. E. Furlan, J. K. M. Sanders
    Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry.
    Drug Discovery Today 2002, 7, 117-125. doi: 10.1016/S1359-6446(01)02086-4.
  135. R. L. E. Furlan, Y.-F. Ng, S. Otto, J. K. M. Sanders
    A new cyclic pseudo-peptide receptor for Li+ from a dynamic combinatorial library.
    J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 8876-8877. doi: 10.1021/ja0160703.
  136. S. Otto, J. B. F. N. Engberts
    Diels-Alder reactions in micellar media.
    Reactions and Synthesis in Surfactant Systems, Ed: Texter, J. Marcel Dekker, New York, 2001, 247-263.
  137. S. Otto, R. L. E. Furlan, J. K. M. Sanders
    Dynamic combinatorial libraries of macrocyclic disulfides in water.
    J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 12063-12064. doi: 10.1021/ja005507o.
    Highlighted in Science 2000, 290, 1857.
  138. A. F. DiGiorgio, S. Otto, P. Bandyopadhyay, S. L. Regen
    Ion conductors that favor passive transport in ergosterol-rich over cholesterol-rich phospholipid membranes.
    J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 11029-11030. doi: 10.1021/ja002039+.
  139. S. Otto, V. Janout, A. F. DiGiorgio, M. C. Young, S. L. Regen
    Detection of nonideal mixing of phospholipids in fluid bilayers.
    J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 1200-1204. doi: 10.1021/ja993585+.
  140. S. Otto, J. B. F. N. Engberts
    Diels-Alder reactions in water.
    Pure Appl. Chem. 2000, 72, 1365-1372. doi: 10.1351/pac200072071365.
  141. S. Otto, M. Osifchin, S. L. Regen
    Squeezing a synthetic ionophore and mechanistic insight out of a lipid bilayer.
    J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 10440-10441. doi: 10.1021/ja992920r.
  142. S. Otto, M. Osifchin, S. L. Regen
    Modular control over the selectivity of self-assembling and membrane-spanning ion conductors.
    J. Am Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 7276-7277. doi: 10.1021/ja990505t.
  143. S. Otto, J. B. F. N. Engberts
    A systematic study of ligand effects on a lewis-acid-catalyzed Diels-Alder reaction in water. Water-enhanced enantioselectivity.
    J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 6798-6806. doi: 10.1021/ja984273u.
  144. A. Meijer, S. Otto, J. B. F. N. Engberts
    Effects of the hydrophobicity of the reactants on Diels-Alder reactions in water.
    J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 8989-8994. doi: 10.1021/jo981359x.
  145. S. Otto, J. B. F. N. Engberts, J. C. T. Kwak
    Million-fold acceleration of a Diels-Alder reaction due to combined Lewis-acid and micellar catalysis in water.
    J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 9517-9525. doi: 10.1021/ja9816537.
  146. S. Otto, G. Boccaletti, J. B. F. N. Engberts
    A chiral Lewis-acid catalyzed Diels-Alder reaction. Water-enhanced enantioselectivity.
    J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 4238-4239. doi: 10.1021/ja972772+.
    Highlighted in Chemie Unserer Zeit 1998, 32, 220.
  147. J. B. F. N. Engberts, B. L. Feringa, E. Keller, S. Otto
    Lewis-acid catalysis of carbon-carbon bond forming reactions in water.
    Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas, 1996, 115, 457. doi: 10.1002/recl.19961151103.
  148. S. Otto, F. Bertoncin, J. B. F. N. Engberts
    Lewis-acid catalysis of a Diels-Alder reaction in water.
    J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 7702-7707. doi: 10.1021/ja960318k.
  149. S. Otto, J. B. F. N. Engberts
    Lewis-acid catalysis of a Diels-Alder reaction in water.
    Tetrahedron Lett. 1995, 36, 2645-2648. doi: 10.1016/0040-4039(95)00304-U.
  150. S. Otto, W. Blokzijl, J. B. F. N. Engberts
    Diels-Alder reactions in water. Effects of hydrophobicity and hydrogen bonding.
    J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 5372-5376. doi: 10.1021/jo00097a045.